Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813–1883) was a German composer, conductor, and essayist whose radical approach to opera reshaped Western music. He’s best known for his concept of the ‘Gesamtkunstwerk’, a “total work of art” that fused music, poetry, drama, and visual spectacle into a unified whole. Born in Leipzig, Germany on May 22, 1813, he was raised in a theatrical family; his stepfather Ludwig Geyer was an actor and playwright. He was self-taught in composition and piano before taking up formal studies with Theodor Weinlig in Leipzig. He was heavily influenced by Beethoven, Shakespeare, and German Romanticism. His first opera ‘Die Feen’ (The Fairies) was written in 1833 but not performed until after his death. His breakthrough works include ‘Rienzi’, ‘The Flying Dutchman’, ‘Tannhäuser’, and ‘Lohengrin’. He also created the monumental Ring Cycle (‘Der Ring des Nibelungen’), a four-opera saga based on Norse mythology and built the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, a custom-designed opera house to stage his works as he envisioned them. He abandoned traditional operatic structures like arias and recitatives and pioneered the use of leitmotifs — recurring musical themes tied to characters or ideas. With works like ‘Tristan und Isolde’, which influenced modern music’s evolution, he pushed harmonic boundaries to the limits of the day. Wagner wrote extensively on art, politics, and society and his essays were as provocative as his music. His antisemitic writings and associations with German nationalism have sparked ongoing debate about his legacy. Despite controversy, his influence on composers like Mahler, Strauss, and even film music is undeniable. Wagner died in Venice, Italy on February 13, 1883. His wife Cosima Wagner and descendants continued his legacy through the Bayreuth Festival and today, Wagner’s operas are performed worldwide, celebrated for their emotional depth and artistic ambition.